Fair value is defined as the price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (that is, an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).

Fair Value Hierarchy

The following hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value should maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available:

Derivatives

We are exposed to market risk attributable to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and fuel prices. We attempt to minimize these risks through a combination of our normal operating and financing activities and through the use of derivatives. We assess whether derivatives used in hedging transactions are “highly effective” in offsetting changes in the cash flow of our hedged forecasted transactions. We use regression analysis for this hedge relationship and high effectiveness is achieved when a statistically valid relationship reflects a high degree of offset and correlation between the fair values of the derivative and the hedged forecasted transaction. Cash flows from the derivatives are classified in the same category as the cash flows from the underlying hedged transaction. The determination of ineffectiveness is based on the amount of dollar offset between the cumulative change in fair value of the derivative and the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged transaction at the end of the reporting period. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if the hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring, then the amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is released to earnings. In addition, the ineffective portion of our highly effective hedges is recognized in earnings immediately and reported in other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. There are no amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and there are no credit-risk-related contingent features in our derivative agreements.

We monitor concentrations of credit risk associated with financial and other institutions with which we conduct significant business. Credit risk, including but not limited to counterparty non-performance under derivatives and our revolving credit facility, is not considered significant, as we primarily conduct business with large, well-established financial institutions that we have established relationships with and that have credit risks acceptable to us or the credit risk is spread out among a large number of creditors. We do not anticipate non-performance by any of our significant counterparties. The following table sets forth the fair value of our derivatives including the balance sheet location (in thousands):

The fair values of swap and forward contracts are determined based on inputs that are readily available in public markets or can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets. The Company determines the value of options and collars utilizing an option pricing model based on inputs that are either readily available in public markets or can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets. The option pricing model used by the Company is an industry standard model for valuing options and is used by the broker/dealer community. The inputs to this option pricing model are the option strike price, underlying price, risk-free rate of interest, time to expiration and volatility. The fair value of option contracts considers both the intrinsic value and any remaining time value associated with those derivatives that have not yet settled. The Company also considers counterparty credit risk and its own credit risk in its determination of all estimated fair values. Our derivatives and financial instruments were categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, and we had no derivatives or financial instruments categorized as Level 1 or Level 3.

Our derivative contracts include rights of offset with our counterparties. We have elected to net certain assets and liabilities within counterparties. We are not required to post cash collateral related to our derivative instruments. The following table discloses the amounts recognized within assets and liabilities (in thousands):

Fuel Swaps

As of June 30, 2013, we had fuel swaps maturing through December 31, 2015 which are used to mitigate the financial impact of volatility in fuel prices pertaining to approximately 761,000 metric tons of our projected fuel purchases. The effects of the fuel swaps on the consolidated financial statements which were designated as cash flow hedges were as follows (in thousands):

Fuel Collars and Options

As of June 30, 2013, we had fuel collars and fuel options maturing through December 31, 2014 which are used to mitigate the financial impact of volatility in fuel prices pertaining to approximately 52,000 metric tons of our projected fuel purchases. The effects of the fuel collars on the consolidated financial statements which were designated as cash flow hedges were as follows (in thousands):

The effects of the fuel options on the consolidated financial statements which were not designated as hedging instruments were as follows (in thousands):

Foreign Currency Options

As of June 30, 2013, we had foreign currency derivatives consisting of call options with deferred premiums which are used to mitigate the financial impact of volatility in foreign currency exchange rates related to our ship construction contracts denominated in euros. If the spot rate at the date the ships are delivered is less than the strike price under these option contracts, we would pay the deferred premium and not exercise the foreign currency options. The notional amount of our foreign currency options was €175.0 million, or $227.7 million based on the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate as of June 30, 2013. The effects of the foreign currency options on the consolidated financial statements which were designated as cash flow hedges were as follows (in thousands):

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

We had foreign currency forward contracts which matured in April 2013. The effects of the foreign currency forward contracts on the consolidated financial statements which were designated as cash flow hedges were as follows (in thousands):

As of June 30, 2013, the effects of the foreign currency forward contracts on the consolidated financial statements which were not designated as hedging instruments were as follows (in thousands):

Foreign Currency Collar

As of June 30, 2013, we had a foreign currency collar used to mitigate the volatility of foreign currency exchange rates related to our ship construction contracts denominated in euros. The notional amount of our foreign currency collar was €100.0 million, or $130.1 million based on the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate as of June 30, 2013. The effects of the foreign currency collar on the consolidated financial statements which was designated as a cash flow hedge was as follows (in thousands):

Long-Term Debt

As of June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the fair value of our long-term debt, including the current portion, was $3,093.2 million and $3,106.9 million, which was $98.0 million and $121.5 million higher, respectively, than the carrying values. The difference between the fair value and carrying value of our long-term debt is due to our fixed and variable rate debt obligations carrying interest rates that are above or below market rates at the measurement dates. The fair value of our long-term debt was calculated based on estimated rates for the same or similar instruments with similar terms and remaining maturities. The calculation of the fair value of our long-term debt is considered a Level 2 input.

Other

The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets of all financial assets and liabilities other than our long-term debt approximate fair value.